Interactions among Conifer Terpenoids and Bark Beetles across Multiple Levels of Scale: an Attempt to Understand Links between Population Patterns and Physiological Processes
نویسندگان
چکیده
Introduction .................................................................................. 80 Bark Beetles and Associated Microorganisms in Host Conifers ..................... 80 Localized Reactions: Constitutive and Induced Defenses ............................. 83 Whole Trees: Individual Tree Defenses and Group Colonization .................... 85 Populationand LandscapeLevel Dynamics: Bimodal Equilibria, Allee Effects, and Extended Phenotypes ......................................................... 89 Constraints on Population Eruptions ......................................................99 How to Link the Scales? .................................................................... 107
منابع مشابه
Genes, enzymes and chemicals of terpenoid diversity in the constitutive and induced defence of conifers against insects and pathogens.
Insects select their hosts, but trees cannot select which herbivores will feed upon them. Thus, as long-lived stationary organisms, conifers must resist the onslaught of varying and multiple attackers over their lifetime. Arguably, the greatest threats to conifers are herbivorous insects and their associated pathogens. Insects such as bark beetles, stem- and wood-boring insects, shoot-feeding w...
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Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) have a widespread association with fungi, especially with ophiostomatoid fungi (Ascomycota) that cause blue staining of wood, and in some cases, serious tree diseases. In Fennoscandia, most studies of these fungi have focused on economically important bark beetle species and this is likely to have led to a biased view of the fungal biodiversity in the regio...
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Scolytid bark beetles that colonize living conifers are frequently associated with specific fungi that are carried in specialized structures or on the body surface. These fungi are introduced into the tree during the attack process. The continuing association suggests that there is mutual benefit to the fitness of both beetles and fungi. The fungal species may benefit from the association with ...
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